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consumer behaviour- attitude
CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR – 4 : ATTITUDE INDUVIDUAL DETERMINATS OF BEHAVIOUR
INTRODUCTION
To understand the buyer and to make a customer out of him is the main purpose of thestudy of consumer behaviour. Though this problem has been analysed from different viewpoints under different premises, it still remains a complex one. On the other hand the buyeris a riddle. He is a highly complex entity. His needs & desires are innumerable. Some arelatent, some manifest and some others are highly dominant. These have different priorities inthe his scheme of things. The buyer has his own ideas & plans about realising these needs &desires. The first & foremost task of the marketer is to get close to the buyer and understandhis need-structure & priorities. There are four major factors which influence the behaviour of the consumers. They are :1.Psychological factors influencing Customer Behaviour2.Social Psychological factors influencing Customer Behaviour3.Sociological factors influencing Customer Behaviour4.Economic factors influencing Customer Behaviour
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
These are the factors which are the personal attributes of an individual. We shall study Fiveof them : Attitude, Motivation, Perception, Personality and Learning.
Attitude
Definition :
Attitude is defined as a mental, emotional or rational predisposition with regard to a fact,state, person or an object. In the context of consumer behaviour we are studying the attitudeof buyers towards all the relevant attributes of a product or services as well as the marketerand markets. The study includes the following major areas.
Characteristics of Attitude –
The attitudes that have significant influence on an individual’s behaviour & personality havecertain characteristics. Attitude is formed on the basis of learning, knowledge, information,education, upbringing, thinking, lifestyle, experience, predisposition, belief, faith, outlook,communication, observation, etc. It can be good or bad, optimistic or pessimistic, positive ornegative, broad or narrow friendly or unfriendly & so on. It may be consistent, may change with several external factors like time or environment, may be influenced or even caninfluence another attitude.
Functional Theory of Attitude –
From the marketing point of view this is based on the need fulfilment of a buying behaviour. The functions that attitudes perform are :1.Utilitarian – Consumers buy products to fulfil their need, enjoy some benefit, get someextra features & receive after-sales service. If they get it as per their expectations, theydevelop a positive attitude towards that product. If not then a negative attitude isdeveloped. Marketers usually stress & highlight the positive aspects of their products toform a positive attitude.
2.Value-expressive – The importance of values in our life can’t be over emphasised. Welearn it thro’ our upbringing & training. This value system prevents or encourages thebuyers to buy certain products related to smoking, drugs, environment, health, ethics, wildlife, etc.3.Ego-defensive – We are all concerned about our self-esteem & ego and always try to safeguard those. Products related to boosting the ego or self esteem are the target of such akind of attitude.4.Knowledge function – Man is ever inquisitive, curious, seeking knowledge. He gets newinformation and understanding about products and services which help in creating,modifying & changing the attitude towards it.5.Combination function – More often individuals develop attitudes towards a product, which are a combined effect of all these functions.
Formation of Attitude –
People are not born with an attitude. But they develop it over the growing & learning period. There are several ways the attitude can be formed :1.Classical conditioning – Attitudes about the products are formed over the years bycontinuous tutoring & exposing the consumers to product’s attributes. Thus slowly theconsumer’s attitude is reinforced.2.Instrumental conditioning – Sometimes this attitude is formed out of an incidence. This isnot intentional, but due to some reason if the consumer tries some new product &develops a favourable or unfavourable attitude, which lays the foundation of futurestrengthening of attitude.3.Cognitive learning theory – This is similar to classical conditioning, with a difference thatit is associated with learning thro’ mental processing & evaluation, experience of usingthe products over a period of time.
Theories of Attitude Development (Theory of Cognitive Dissonance) –
Usually behaviour is the result of attitude. But there are certain theories which suggest thatbehaviour precedes attitude. They also suggest that on the basis of behaviour & experience, aperson modifies his attitude. This is the theory of cognitive dissonance. Dissonance is a stateof discord where one experiences between one’s own behaviour & attitude. Even if a persondoesn’t like certain things(attitude) he compels himself to do that(behaviour). Thus theattitude is said to be in conflict with the behaviour. The theory further states that in the caseof such a conflict, the person changes any of them to match the other. This is very importantto the marketer, because, in this process a buying decision is involved which may befavourable or unfavourable to it. This theory is supported by the following :1.Self perception theory – According to this theory, the consumer has an opinion about histaste, attitude personality & these are reflected in his buying decision / action, and he justifies his action.2.Social judgement theory – According to this theory, the consumer will evaluate any newinformation regarding a product in the light of the opinion already has about the product.In other words, they will accept all info about the product they already like, & it’s difficultto change that attitude.3.Balance theory – According to this theory, the consumer tries to balance three things – (1)his own perception about the product, (2) other’s perception about the product, and (3) what the marketer or product itself communicates. After balancing if he finds all threefavourable, then he decides buying the product. In case of a conflict between any two of them, the consumer tries to find out another product which balances the three factorsfavourably.
Attitude change –
Attitudes can be formed, and so also they can be changed. Forming & changing both mayslow or fast and may be easy or difficult. This phenomenon is very important & a bigopportunity for the marketers to try to make the consumers’ attitude favourable to them &their product. The following are the best possible ways :1.By changing functional utility – Here the functional theory of the attitude is utilised andthe marketers try to change these functions of the products by adding or improving them.Such a move can bring about change in attitude to a particular product.2.By associating with a famous personality – Marketers often try to change or influenceattitude by associating themselves or their products to a famous personality or anestablished & reputed firm. This changes the attitude of the consumer who like to besuch associated.3.By changing the features & presenting the product in a new light – Marketers sometimesbreak the monotony & present the products in a new light as if they are newly launchedby adding some extra features & outlook. This may change the attitude of consumers whoare looking for new / fresh looks / features.4.By changing the belief of consumer about a product – Consumers have some belief ¬ion about a product. Marketers try to change & enhance that belief by givingadditional facts & figures about the product’s enhanced image.5.By changing the perception of consumer about a competitor’s product – Most consumershave some belief & perception about the competitor’s products. Marketers try to changethat perception in such a way that their product would look more advantageous. Theydon’t directly say the competitors’ products are bad but they do devise certain methods totell the consumers so that they can compare & test themselves & see the difference.
Involvement –
This is the level of interest & enthusiasm a consumer takes in buying & using product.Generally small & inexpensive products don’t need much involvement. But for otherproducts, the marketers encourage the consumers to increase the level of improvement sothat the consumers have a favourable attitude to the products.
STRUCTURAL MODELS OF ATTITUDE
Attitudes play an important role in influencing a person’s behaviour. The study of attitudes isthe key to understanding consumers’ behaviour towards a particular brand or product.
The Attitude Object :
The word object in our consumer oriented definition of attitude should be interpreted broadlyto include specific consumption or marketing related concepts such as product, productcategory, brand, service, possessions, product use, causes, issues, people, advertisements,medium, retailer, price, internet sites, etc. While conducting attitudes research & studies, themarketer has to be object specific.
Attitude models :
In order to study the relationship between attitude & behaviour of an individual,psychologists have developed several models that can better explain or predict the behaviour. The following are the models :
Tri-component model :
According to the tri-component model, attitudes consist of three major components – (1)cognitive (knowledge, leering), (2) affective (feelings, emotions), & (3) conative (tendency,intention or inclination)1.Cognitive component – The first part of the tri-component attitude model cognitivecomponent consists of a person’s cognitions, i.e., the knowledge & perceptions that areacquired by a combination of direct experience with the attitude object & relatedinformation from various sources. This knowledge & resulting perceptions commonly takethe form of beliefs, i.e., the consumer believes that the attitude object processes variousattributes and that specific behaviour will lead to specific outcomes.2.Affective component – The second part of the tri-component attitude model affectivecomponent consists of a person’s emotion or feelings about a particular product or abrand. These emotion & feelings are frequently treated by consumer researchers asprimarily evaluative in nature, i.e., they can be rated with degrees of an attribute – good/bad, favourable/unfavourable. Additionally the state of mind (emotionally chargedstates like happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, distress, shame, guilt, surprise etc.) alsoaffects the attitudes by enhancing positive or negative emotions or feelings.3.Conative component - The third part of the tri-component attitude model conativecomponent consists of a person’s likelihood or tendency to undertake a specific action orbehaviour towards the attitude object. Often this means the actual action or behaviouritself, or the intention to buy a particular product. Buyer intention scales like – “Howlikely one is to buy” or “The chance that one will buy” are used to assess the likelihood /chances that a person buying a product.
Multi-Attribute Model of Attitudes :
These models portray consumers’ attitudes with regard to an attitude object as a function of consumers perception and assessment of the key attributes or beliefs held with regards tothe particular attitude object. There are several variations of this kind of models, a few of which are given below :1.Attitude towards object model – This model is especially suitable for measuring attitudestowards a product/service category or specific brands. According to this model theconsumers’ attitude towards a product or specific brands of a product is a function of thepresence or absence and evaluation of certain product specific beliefs and/or attributes.In other words, consumers generally have favourable attitudes towards those brands thatthey believe have an adequate level of attributes that they evaluate as positive, and theyhave unfavourable attitudes those brands they feel don’t have an adequate level of desired attributes or have too many negatives or undesired attributes.2.Attitude towards behaviour model – This model is individual’s attitude towards “behavingor acting” with respect to an object rather than the attitude towards the object itself. Theappeal of the attitude toward behaviour that it seems to correspond somewhat moreclosely to the actual behaviour than the attitude towards object model. Ex. It’s importantfor the marketers to know the individual’s attitude about the act of purchasing a BMW(attitude toward behaviour) rather than to know about his attitude toward the car(attitude toward object). This seems logical for a consumer might have a positive attitudetowards an expensive BMW but a negative attitude towards his prospects for purchasingthe vehicle.3.Theory of reasoned action model – This model is similar to the tri-component model of Reason-Emotion-Intention. In the tri-component model all these components complement& supplement one another and the result is a combined one. But in the theory of reasoned action model we have another component “subjective norms” which additionallyinfluences the intention. This subjective norm is the perception & belief of others aboutthe intention or behaviour that are very close to the buyer. Thus this theory says that thebuyer weighs the behaviour by analysing all the conceivable outcomes of a behaviour oraction and also by considering the opinion that other people around him have about sucha behaviour. If both are favourable then the buyer purchases the product. So the finalintention is the result of two distinct factors as given in the following :a.Beliefs that the behaviour leads to certain outcomes, and the buyer evaluates each of them and if found reasonable & satisfactory, then he forms a positive attitudetowards the behaviour.b.Beliefs that the specific referents think he should / should not perform thatbehaviour will lead the buyer to comply with the specific referents. If the complianceis complete & positive, then a favourable subjective norm is formed.
hope this helps u all
INTRODUCTION
To understand the buyer and to make a customer out of him is the main purpose of thestudy of consumer behaviour. Though this problem has been analysed from different viewpoints under different premises, it still remains a complex one. On the other hand the buyeris a riddle. He is a highly complex entity. His needs & desires are innumerable. Some arelatent, some manifest and some others are highly dominant. These have different priorities inthe his scheme of things. The buyer has his own ideas & plans about realising these needs &desires. The first & foremost task of the marketer is to get close to the buyer and understandhis need-structure & priorities. There are four major factors which influence the behaviour of the consumers. They are :1.Psychological factors influencing Customer Behaviour2.Social Psychological factors influencing Customer Behaviour3.Sociological factors influencing Customer Behaviour4.Economic factors influencing Customer Behaviour
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
These are the factors which are the personal attributes of an individual. We shall study Fiveof them : Attitude, Motivation, Perception, Personality and Learning.
Attitude
Definition :
Attitude is defined as a mental, emotional or rational predisposition with regard to a fact,state, person or an object. In the context of consumer behaviour we are studying the attitudeof buyers towards all the relevant attributes of a product or services as well as the marketerand markets. The study includes the following major areas.
Characteristics of Attitude –
The attitudes that have significant influence on an individual’s behaviour & personality havecertain characteristics. Attitude is formed on the basis of learning, knowledge, information,education, upbringing, thinking, lifestyle, experience, predisposition, belief, faith, outlook,communication, observation, etc. It can be good or bad, optimistic or pessimistic, positive ornegative, broad or narrow friendly or unfriendly & so on. It may be consistent, may change with several external factors like time or environment, may be influenced or even caninfluence another attitude.
Functional Theory of Attitude –
From the marketing point of view this is based on the need fulfilment of a buying behaviour. The functions that attitudes perform are :1.Utilitarian – Consumers buy products to fulfil their need, enjoy some benefit, get someextra features & receive after-sales service. If they get it as per their expectations, theydevelop a positive attitude towards that product. If not then a negative attitude isdeveloped. Marketers usually stress & highlight the positive aspects of their products toform a positive attitude.
2.Value-expressive – The importance of values in our life can’t be over emphasised. Welearn it thro’ our upbringing & training. This value system prevents or encourages thebuyers to buy certain products related to smoking, drugs, environment, health, ethics, wildlife, etc.3.Ego-defensive – We are all concerned about our self-esteem & ego and always try to safeguard those. Products related to boosting the ego or self esteem are the target of such akind of attitude.4.Knowledge function – Man is ever inquisitive, curious, seeking knowledge. He gets newinformation and understanding about products and services which help in creating,modifying & changing the attitude towards it.5.Combination function – More often individuals develop attitudes towards a product, which are a combined effect of all these functions.
Formation of Attitude –
People are not born with an attitude. But they develop it over the growing & learning period. There are several ways the attitude can be formed :1.Classical conditioning – Attitudes about the products are formed over the years bycontinuous tutoring & exposing the consumers to product’s attributes. Thus slowly theconsumer’s attitude is reinforced.2.Instrumental conditioning – Sometimes this attitude is formed out of an incidence. This isnot intentional, but due to some reason if the consumer tries some new product &develops a favourable or unfavourable attitude, which lays the foundation of futurestrengthening of attitude.3.Cognitive learning theory – This is similar to classical conditioning, with a difference thatit is associated with learning thro’ mental processing & evaluation, experience of usingthe products over a period of time.
Theories of Attitude Development (Theory of Cognitive Dissonance) –
Usually behaviour is the result of attitude. But there are certain theories which suggest thatbehaviour precedes attitude. They also suggest that on the basis of behaviour & experience, aperson modifies his attitude. This is the theory of cognitive dissonance. Dissonance is a stateof discord where one experiences between one’s own behaviour & attitude. Even if a persondoesn’t like certain things(attitude) he compels himself to do that(behaviour). Thus theattitude is said to be in conflict with the behaviour. The theory further states that in the caseof such a conflict, the person changes any of them to match the other. This is very importantto the marketer, because, in this process a buying decision is involved which may befavourable or unfavourable to it. This theory is supported by the following :1.Self perception theory – According to this theory, the consumer has an opinion about histaste, attitude personality & these are reflected in his buying decision / action, and he justifies his action.2.Social judgement theory – According to this theory, the consumer will evaluate any newinformation regarding a product in the light of the opinion already has about the product.In other words, they will accept all info about the product they already like, & it’s difficultto change that attitude.3.Balance theory – According to this theory, the consumer tries to balance three things – (1)his own perception about the product, (2) other’s perception about the product, and (3) what the marketer or product itself communicates. After balancing if he finds all threefavourable, then he decides buying the product. In case of a conflict between any two of them, the consumer tries to find out another product which balances the three factorsfavourably.
Attitude change –
Attitudes can be formed, and so also they can be changed. Forming & changing both mayslow or fast and may be easy or difficult. This phenomenon is very important & a bigopportunity for the marketers to try to make the consumers’ attitude favourable to them &their product. The following are the best possible ways :1.By changing functional utility – Here the functional theory of the attitude is utilised andthe marketers try to change these functions of the products by adding or improving them.Such a move can bring about change in attitude to a particular product.2.By associating with a famous personality – Marketers often try to change or influenceattitude by associating themselves or their products to a famous personality or anestablished & reputed firm. This changes the attitude of the consumer who like to besuch associated.3.By changing the features & presenting the product in a new light – Marketers sometimesbreak the monotony & present the products in a new light as if they are newly launchedby adding some extra features & outlook. This may change the attitude of consumers whoare looking for new / fresh looks / features.4.By changing the belief of consumer about a product – Consumers have some belief ¬ion about a product. Marketers try to change & enhance that belief by givingadditional facts & figures about the product’s enhanced image.5.By changing the perception of consumer about a competitor’s product – Most consumershave some belief & perception about the competitor’s products. Marketers try to changethat perception in such a way that their product would look more advantageous. Theydon’t directly say the competitors’ products are bad but they do devise certain methods totell the consumers so that they can compare & test themselves & see the difference.
Involvement –
This is the level of interest & enthusiasm a consumer takes in buying & using product.Generally small & inexpensive products don’t need much involvement. But for otherproducts, the marketers encourage the consumers to increase the level of improvement sothat the consumers have a favourable attitude to the products.
STRUCTURAL MODELS OF ATTITUDE
Attitudes play an important role in influencing a person’s behaviour. The study of attitudes isthe key to understanding consumers’ behaviour towards a particular brand or product.
The Attitude Object :
The word object in our consumer oriented definition of attitude should be interpreted broadlyto include specific consumption or marketing related concepts such as product, productcategory, brand, service, possessions, product use, causes, issues, people, advertisements,medium, retailer, price, internet sites, etc. While conducting attitudes research & studies, themarketer has to be object specific.
Attitude models :
In order to study the relationship between attitude & behaviour of an individual,psychologists have developed several models that can better explain or predict the behaviour. The following are the models :
Tri-component model :
According to the tri-component model, attitudes consist of three major components – (1)cognitive (knowledge, leering), (2) affective (feelings, emotions), & (3) conative (tendency,intention or inclination)1.Cognitive component – The first part of the tri-component attitude model cognitivecomponent consists of a person’s cognitions, i.e., the knowledge & perceptions that areacquired by a combination of direct experience with the attitude object & relatedinformation from various sources. This knowledge & resulting perceptions commonly takethe form of beliefs, i.e., the consumer believes that the attitude object processes variousattributes and that specific behaviour will lead to specific outcomes.2.Affective component – The second part of the tri-component attitude model affectivecomponent consists of a person’s emotion or feelings about a particular product or abrand. These emotion & feelings are frequently treated by consumer researchers asprimarily evaluative in nature, i.e., they can be rated with degrees of an attribute – good/bad, favourable/unfavourable. Additionally the state of mind (emotionally chargedstates like happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, distress, shame, guilt, surprise etc.) alsoaffects the attitudes by enhancing positive or negative emotions or feelings.3.Conative component - The third part of the tri-component attitude model conativecomponent consists of a person’s likelihood or tendency to undertake a specific action orbehaviour towards the attitude object. Often this means the actual action or behaviouritself, or the intention to buy a particular product. Buyer intention scales like – “Howlikely one is to buy” or “The chance that one will buy” are used to assess the likelihood /chances that a person buying a product.
Multi-Attribute Model of Attitudes :
These models portray consumers’ attitudes with regard to an attitude object as a function of consumers perception and assessment of the key attributes or beliefs held with regards tothe particular attitude object. There are several variations of this kind of models, a few of which are given below :1.Attitude towards object model – This model is especially suitable for measuring attitudestowards a product/service category or specific brands. According to this model theconsumers’ attitude towards a product or specific brands of a product is a function of thepresence or absence and evaluation of certain product specific beliefs and/or attributes.In other words, consumers generally have favourable attitudes towards those brands thatthey believe have an adequate level of attributes that they evaluate as positive, and theyhave unfavourable attitudes those brands they feel don’t have an adequate level of desired attributes or have too many negatives or undesired attributes.2.Attitude towards behaviour model – This model is individual’s attitude towards “behavingor acting” with respect to an object rather than the attitude towards the object itself. Theappeal of the attitude toward behaviour that it seems to correspond somewhat moreclosely to the actual behaviour than the attitude towards object model. Ex. It’s importantfor the marketers to know the individual’s attitude about the act of purchasing a BMW(attitude toward behaviour) rather than to know about his attitude toward the car(attitude toward object). This seems logical for a consumer might have a positive attitudetowards an expensive BMW but a negative attitude towards his prospects for purchasingthe vehicle.3.Theory of reasoned action model – This model is similar to the tri-component model of Reason-Emotion-Intention. In the tri-component model all these components complement& supplement one another and the result is a combined one. But in the theory of reasoned action model we have another component “subjective norms” which additionallyinfluences the intention. This subjective norm is the perception & belief of others aboutthe intention or behaviour that are very close to the buyer. Thus this theory says that thebuyer weighs the behaviour by analysing all the conceivable outcomes of a behaviour oraction and also by considering the opinion that other people around him have about sucha behaviour. If both are favourable then the buyer purchases the product. So the finalintention is the result of two distinct factors as given in the following :a.Beliefs that the behaviour leads to certain outcomes, and the buyer evaluates each of them and if found reasonable & satisfactory, then he forms a positive attitudetowards the behaviour.b.Beliefs that the specific referents think he should / should not perform thatbehaviour will lead the buyer to comply with the specific referents. If the complianceis complete & positive, then a favourable subjective norm is formed.
hope this helps u all