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RESEARCH PROPOSAL
INTRODUCTION
In today’s materialistic world, people have started showing a change in their beliefs. Nothing is the same. The deprived conditions that people live, coupled with the wide gulf between the rich and poor bring about two changes; either they cling on to their beliefs even more tightly, or they give up their faith.
Arguably, the world’s biggest wars have been caused by religion, in short - by believing in God. Ironic as it sounds, our supreme overlords, the agents of peace themselves, have indirectly brought about so many conflicts among people.
The advantages of belief are many and are known, but the disadvantages need to be looked upon, when they are so deadly in nature. Hitler and the Jews are a prime example. Mythological fact is that Jews brought about the killing of Jesus Christ.
An example closer to home, the India Pakistan wars. Pakistan was formed thanks to the efforts of The Muslim League, a political party formed on the basis of religion.
In our own country, there are so many fights among the Hindus and Muslims
The Ayodhya case is an example.
Taking congnizance of the fact that the impact of belief is so high, it must be given importance and should be acknowledged as the most important factor in truly bringing about peace.
The reasons regarding the gulf, the trend of change in beliefs should be studied, with the help of statistics.
Middle ground must be sought, and there should be a wau for believers and atheists to coexist, lest religion vs religion is replaced by believers vs atheists.
Hence, the study is extremely significant, and it shall be carried out in detail.
PROBLEM DISCOVERY:
The concept of worship is slowly changing with the younger generation with people being more scientifically inclined.
REASONS:
1. Less confidence on their conscience
2. Need for external control
3. Old moral values
4. Advice of elders
5. Respect for the wishes of elders – elders being the leaders of the family
6. Presence of an organized religious system
7. Presence of many religious system, due to grant of government
8. Atheism is a new movement, one which isn’t widely accepted, but atheist still impose their beliefs when they don’t understand.
9. The gap widens further when believers are mocked, which will never help. Religion has always caused wars, and if the problem isn’t curbed, religion v/s religion wars will be replaced by religion v/s atheism.
10. People cling on their beliefs when they don’t understand something. Hence in the face of scientology the simple minded will cling to idol worship.
PROBLEM DEFINATION
Have the conclusive scientific facts finally being successful enough to produce a whole generation of atheist and can live in a harmony with the believers?
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES:
1. To study the number of atheist and believers in a population
2. To explore why there is a vast increase in the majority of the atheists.
3. To find out why there still are so may believers even when scientific facts suggest other wise
4. To help find a situation where the sections- atheist & believers can exist in a harmony
HYPOTHESIS
If both sections have respect for the others beliefs, then it might go a long way in bridging the gap between two sections- Atheist and Believers.
REVIEW
0F
RELATED LITERATURE
The ultimate goal of a literature review is to bring the reader up to date with the current thinking on a particular area of research, often as a precursor to carrying out further research. Literature reviews do not report any new or original findings (although they may re-interpret previous thinking). They generally outline the vital points of current knowledge, as well as some of the deeper theoretical and methodological thinking.
I have chosen the market research because it is the very first step of most economical process. Philip Kotler (1994) define the marketing research as
“function that links the consumer, customer, and public to the marketer through information-information used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; to generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions; to monitor marketing performance; and to improve understanding of the marketing process. Marketing research specifies the information required to address these issues, designs the methods for collecting information, manages and implements the data collection process, analyzes, and communicates the findings and their implications..”
Briefly it is a systematic design, collection, analysis, and reporting of data and findings relevant to a specific marketing situation facing the company, allows management to make the changes necessary for better results through adopting a proactive approach. Therefore, if a company wants to know what type of products or services would be profitable it should make a market research. Furthermore, a comprehensive research will enable the company to know about the product imperfections (if there are) and to know if it has been able to satisfy customers’ needs. It attempts to provide accurate information that reflects a true state of affairs. Due to market research the company can formulate a viable marketing plan and estimate the success of its existing plan. There are two main sources of marketing research information:
Primary marketing research is collected for the first time if the company has enough money to finance it, but in most case it is the second more accurate one. It is original and collected for a specific purpose, or to solve a specific problem. Primary research delivers more specific results than secondary research, more expensive and time consuming, which are an especially important consideration when the company is launching a new product or service. There are many ways to conduct primary research. By customizing tried-and-true approaches, focus groups, surveys, field tests, interviews or observation, you can gain information about your target market. Primary research is generally based on sampling techniques and requires statistical methodologies. The sample size could be as small as 1 percent of the market and thus the information and results gathered are highly accurate.
Secondary marketing research or desk research is generally used when a company considering, extending a business into new markets or adding new services or product lines, because it already exist in one form or another. This information is based on studies previously performed by government agencies, chambers of commerce, trade associations, and other organizations. There are number of sources available to the marketers, which are the following: Business libraries, Public records, Trade associations, Websites, National/international governments, Informal contacts and Professional institutes and organizations. That is why secondary research is relatively cheap, and can be conducted quite quickly. However, its main disadvantage is that the information gathered may be old and obsolete, therefore results of analysis may be inaccurate. Further, it is not necessary that the earlier studies were conducted with the same objectives as required in the current situation.
According to Tom Owens (2008) Stages of research are the following:
1) Define the problem, define the research objective
2) Developing the plan for collecting information
3) Implementing the plan- Collecting and analysing Data
4) Interpreting Data Reporting the Findings
Firstly, the decision problem faced by management must be defined clearly in form of questions that obtain the required information to make the decision. Secondly, the company will determine the research method - Surveys are typical, but could also include focus groups or 1-on-1 in-depth interviews. If using a survey, will it be by phone, mail, in-person, web, etc. Thirdly, the company should determine the sample size, to know how many surveys are needed to provide reliable information, track productivity and costs and resolve any obstacles that come up. Fourthly, analysing data should be done by preparing summary statistics for each question, broken out by relevant subgroups if necessary. May include coding of open end questions and advanced statistical techniques. Finally, Report the results for example create graphs, charts and text that communicate the findings. Conclusions/recommendations should be actionable regarding the defined problem. Hopefully it leads to a solution for the problem.
Methodologically, marketing research uses four types of research designs, namely:
• Quantitative marketing research is about measuring a market and quantifying that measurement with data. Furthermore, it can be also used to measure customer awareness, attitudes and behaviour in a market by taking a statistical sample of customers. Such techniques are extremely powerful when combined with techniques such segmentation analysis and mean that key audiences can be targeted and monitored over time to ensure the optimal use of the marketing budget. Most often the data required relates to market size, market share, penetration, installed base and market growth rates. This type of research is generally used to draw conclusions, uses random sampling techniques so as to infer from the sample to the population. It is convergent reasoning rather than divergent reasoning. The traditional empirical quantitative technique in market research is the survey questionnaire, administered to a stratified or random sample of a population. Finally, in market research, extensive use is made of sampling from which, through careful design and analysis, Marketers can draw information about the market.
• Qualitative marketing research means "quality” and deals with processing data as words, emotions, feelings, emotions. Conversely, and importantly, it does not mean "quantity." Qualitative research methods are used to define a problem and generate hypotheses. These methods are designed to talk to a relatively few people in the target audience of interest that is why it is not generalize to the whole population. They are however, very valuable for exploring an issue and are used by almost all researchers. They can be better than quantitative research at investigation level in order to understand what drives and motivates behaviour. Qualitative marketing research is generally used for exploratory purposes to plumb the depths and range of buyer attitudes and beliefs, project, or forecast quantity. Such as depth interviews, observational techniques:
▪ Depth interviews are the main form of qualitative research. Here an interviewer spends time in a one-on-one interview finding out about the customer's particular circumstances and their individual opinions.
▪ Group Discussions is a consumer research method. Here several costumer are arranged to have a discussion with the researcher. Group discussions are rare in business markets, unless the customers are small businesses.
• Observational techniques: The researcher observes social phenomena in their natural setting. In detail, researchers go to customers’ environments to watch and interview people in context. Directly observing people and asking questions that refer to objects and actions at the site gives researchers a rich understanding of the issues customers face. Although, observations can occur cross-sectional (observations made at one time) or longitudinally (observations occur over several time-periods). The main advantage of observational research is flexibility. The researchers can change their approach as needed. Also it measures behaviour directly, not reports of behaviour or intentions.
• Experimental techniques are used for the controlled testing of causal processes. The researcher create a quasi-artificial environment to try to control spurious factors, then manipulates at least one of the variables. It is commonly used for purchase laboratories, test markets and in social sciences such as sociology and psychology.
Researchers often use more than one research design. The company should start with secondary research to get background information, and then conduct a focus group “qualitative research design” to explore the issues. Finally, the company might do a comprehensive survey “quantitative research design” in order to devise specific recommendations for the client.
God is often conceived as the Supreme Being and principal object of faith. In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe. In deism, God is the creator (but not the sustainer) of the universe. In pantheism, God is the universe itself. Theologians have ascribed a variety of attributes to the many different conceptions. Common among these are omniscience (infinite knowledge), omnipotence (unlimited power), omnipresence (present everywhere),Omni benevolence (perfect goodness), divine simplicity, and eternal and necessary existence. Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one God or in the oneness of God.
God has also been conceived as being incorporeal (immaterial), a personal being, the source of all moral obligation, and the "greatest conceivable existent”. These attributes were supported to varying degrees by the early Jewish, Christian and Muslim theologian philosophers. Many notable philosophers and modern philosophers have developed arguments for and against the existence of God.
There is no clear consensus on the nature of God.[17] The Abrahamic conceptions of God include the monotheistic definition of God in Judaism, the Trinitarian view of Christians, and the Islamic concept of God. The dharmaic religions differ in their view of the divine: views of God in Hinduism vary by region, sect, and caste, ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic. Divinity was recognized by the historical Buddha, particularly Śakra and Brahma. However, other sentient beings, including gods, can at best only play a supportive role in one's personal path to salvation. Conceptions of God in the latter developments of the Mahayana tradition give a more prominent place to notions of the divine
Theism, deism and pantheism
Theism generally holds that God exists realistically, objectively, and independently of human thought; that God created and sustains everything; that God is omnipotent and eternal; personal and interacting with the universe through for example religious experience and the prayers of humans.[24] It holds that God is both transcendent and immanent; thus, God is simultaneously infinite and in some way present in the affairs of the world.[25] Not all theists subscribe to all the above propositions, but usually a fair number of them, c.f., family resemblance. Catholic theology holds that God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time. Most theists hold that God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent, although this belief raises questions about God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world. Some theists ascribe to God a self-conscious or purposeful limiting of omnipotence, omniscience, or benevolence. Open Theism, by contrast, asserts that, due to the nature of time, God's omniscience does not mean the deity can predict the future. "Theism" is sometimes used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods, i.e., monotheism or polytheism.[26][27]
Deism holds that God is wholly transcendent: God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it.[25] In this view, God is not anthropomorphic, and does not literally answer prayers or cause miracles to occur. Common in Deism is a belief that God has no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity. Pandeism and Panendeism, respectively, combine Deism with the Pantheistic or Panentheistic beliefs discussed below. Pantheism holds that God is the universe and the universe is God, whereas Panentheism holds that God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe; the distinctions between the two are subtle. It is also the view of the Liberal Catholic Church, Theosophy, some views of Hinduism except Vaishnavism which believes in panentheism, Sikhism, some divisions of Neopaganism andTaoism, along with many varying denominations and individuals within denominations. Kabbalah, Jewish mysticism, paints a pantheistic/panentheistic view of God — which has wide acceptance in Hasidic Judaism, particularly from their founder The Baal Shem Tov — but only as an addition to the Jewish view of a personal god, not in the original pantheistic sense that denies or limits persona to God.
Testimonial 1
Name: Suresh Chadha
Age: 45 years
Occupation: Businessman
Opinion:
I am an atheist so I can explain, for me at least. Not only do I see the lack of evidence of existence, I can give evidence of non-existence. For example, the fact there is no evidence is evidence itself. Also, my knowledge of astronomy supports my feelings towards this, it would take hours to explain all exact reasons and to teach of how, I encourage you look up if you don't know. Stars created all we are from fusion, the universe is made from the Big Bang theory. Two things are unexplainable: where matter came from, and how living organisms started. I think that people jump to the conclusion of God because it is, at this moment, unexplainable.
Testimonial 2
Name: Saniya Chawla
Age: 23 years
Occupation: Director of O&m
Opinion
Most non-believers are non-believers because they believe that the evidence most strongly supports a view that God does not exist. This has nothing to do with mocking God, in fact atheists seem to be more tolerant of Christians than many Christians are of atheists. As for me, I studied the Bible carefully, reading much of it several times, and find in it much to prove the non-existence of God. The following is not in itself proof, but I refer you to Ecclesiastes 9:5: "For the living know that they shall die; but the dead know not anything, neither have they any more a reward; for the memory of them is forgotten." If the Bible is literally true and Ecclesiastes is a legitimate book of the Bible, this should be a troubling statement for believers.
Testimonial 3
Name: Dhruv Tekwani
Age: 21 years
Occupation: student
Opinion”
A creator god doesn't exist. I'm as certain of that as I'm as certain that any unfalsifiable concepts (like unicorns, elves, Santa, other gods, and centaurs) do not exist. Just because it cannot be disproven that a creator god exists (which is a logical fallacy of proving a negative), doesn't mean that God exists by default. It's the same way with unicorns. Just because I can't prove they don't exist doesn't mean they do. And it's not because atheists "don't want" God to exist, it isn't an ego thing, and it isn't a "hoped-for" thing. It's an empirical thing. It's accepting reality and refusing to substitute the hoped-for for the actual. Faith is willful ignorance. That's all it is. It's belief without evidence, even without reason. People don't believe in a god because there is none. It's like being in philosophy class and you're asked to write a 5-page proof on "Prove that chair doesn't exist." Peers are going on and on for 5 pages, when really, the only answer is "What chair?"
ANALYSIS OF
DATA
OUESTIONS
N
MEAN
STD DEVIATION
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
SKEWNESS
KURTOSIS
STATISTICS STATISTICS STATISTICS STATISTICS STATISTICS STATISTICS STATISTICS
1. People believe in god because they have less confidence on their conscience. 50 2.600 1.325 1.000 3.000 0.46 -0.90
2. There is a need for external control in life. 50 1.940 0.867 1.000 4.000 0.71 -0.03
3. Atheist and believer cannot coexist. 50 2.620 0.987 1.000 5.000 0.45 -0.10
4. Religion is a sign of backwardness in the society 50 1.940 0.890 1.000 5.000 1.21 2.09
5. The increased influx of atheism is a worrying sign 50 2.620 0.945 1.000 5.000 0.39 0.27
6. The number of atheist in the society have increased 50 3.680 1.285 1.000 5.000 -0.81 -0.31
7. Religion shouldn’t be forced, nor should Atheism 50 4.040 1.049 1.000 5.000 -1.19 1.22
8. A society full of atheist with no overload to fear, will have no conscience.
50
2.740 1.259 1.000 5.000 0.32 -1.01
9. Mutual respect between atheists and Believers can solve most of the differences. 50 3.540 1.297 1.000 5.000 -0.59 -0.89
10. Atheism is one of the ways to achieve world peace 50 2.460 0.788 1.000 5.000 0.53 1.22
11. Number of atheists are increasing because people put it off as they are forced to believe in god 50 2.740 1.157 1.000 5.000 0.29 -0.98
12. The deprived condition most live in make them lose their belief in a supreme power 50 2.520 1.074 1.000 5.000
0.36 -0.43
13. Science and technology has made people stop believing in god 50 2.080 0.944 1.000 5.000 0.90 0.84
14. The presence of a strong religious system is the only reason there are still believers in the world.
50 3.120 1.206 1.000 5.000 -0.31 -0.90
15. People believes in god because they are scared/ ashamed of not believing 50 2.740 1.259 1.000 5.000 0.26 -1.18
HISTOGRAM
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V1: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable.
‘People believe in god because they have less confidence on their conscience’
Mean is 2.60. SD is 1.325. SD is morethan 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is 0.46 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is -0.90 which is within the threshold range (± 1). The value of skewness is positive in this case. The negative value of kurtosis suggests that the curve is slightly shorter than the normal curve.
The values for kurtosis and the skewness are within threshold range (± 1) so we conclude that mean is the representative of the data for the variable, ‘People believe in god because they have less confidence on their conscience’
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V2: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable ‘There is a need for external control in life’.
Mean is 1.94. SD is 0.867. SD is more than 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is 0.71 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is -0.10 which is within the threshold range (± 1). The Positive value of skewness suggest that the curve is a right skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the left hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree). The negative value of kurtosis suggests that the curve is slightly shorter than the normal curve.
The values for kurtosis and the skewness are within threshold range (± 1) so we conclude that mean is the representative of the data for the variable, ‘Branding is a very important aspect in Pharmaceutical promotion’.
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V3: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable ‘Atheists and believers cannot coexist’.
Mean is 2.620 SD is 0.987. SD is more than 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is 0.45 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is -0.10 which is within the threshold range (± 1). The positive value of skewness suggest that the curve is a right skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the left hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).The negative value of kurtosis suggests that the curve is slightly shorter than the normal curve.
The values for kurtosis and the skewness are within threshold range (± 1) so we conclude that mean is the representative of the data for the variable, ‘Atheists and believers cannot coexist’.
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V4: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable ‘Religion is a sign of backwardness in the society’
Mean is 1.94. SD is 0.890. SD is more then 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is 1.21 which is beyond the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is 2.09 which is beyond the threshold range (± 1). The positive value of skewnes ssuggest that the curve is a right skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the left hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree). The value of kurtosis is suggests that the mean is the representative of the data.
Based on the kurtosis and the skewness values we conclude that mean is slightly beyond the threshold value and the mean should be interpreted carefully for the variable ‘Religion is a sign of backwardness in the society’
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V5: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable,
’The increased influx of atheism is a worrying sign..’
Mean is 2.62. SD is 0.945. SD is more then 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is 0.39 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is 0.27 which is within the threshold range (± 1). The positive value of skewness suggest that the curve is a right skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the left hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).The value of kurtosis is positive in this case.
The values for kurtosis and the skewness are within threshold range (± 1) so we conclude that mean is the representative of the data for the variable, ‘The increased influx of atheism is a worrying sign..’
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V6: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable.‘
The number of atheists in our society has increased.’
Mean is 3.68. SD is 1.285. SD is more then 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is -0.81 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is -0.31 which is within the threshold range (± 1). The negative value of skewness suggest that the curve is a left skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the right hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).The negative value of kurtosis suggests that the curve is slightly shorter than the normal curve.
The values for kurtosis and the skewness are within threshold range (± 1) so we conclude that mean is the representative of the data for the variable, ‘The number of atheists in our society has increased’
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V7: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable ‘Religion shouldn’t be forced, nor should Atheism ‘
Mean is 4.040. SD is 1.049. SD is less then 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is -1.19 which is beyond the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is 1.22 which is beyond the threshold range (± 1). The negative value of skewness suggest that the curve is a left skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the right hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree). The positive value of kurtosis suggests that the mean is the representative of the data.
Based on the kurtosis and the skewness values we conclude that mean is slightly beyond the threshold value and the mean should be interpreted carefully for the variable ‘Religion shouldn’t be forced, nor should Atheism ‘.
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V8: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable
‘A society full of atheist with no overload to fear, will have no conscience ‘
Mean is 2.74. SD is 1.259. SD is more then 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is 0.32 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is -1.01 which is beyond the threshold range (± 1). The positive value of skewness suggest that the curve is a right skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the left hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).The negative value of kurtosis suggests that the curve is slightly shorter than the normal curve.
Based on the kurtosis and the skewness values we conclude that mean is slightly beyond the threshold value and the mean should be interpreted carefully for the variable‘A society full of atheist with no overload to fear, will have no conscience ‘
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V9: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable
‘Mutual respect between atheists and Believers can solve most of the differences..
Mean is 3.54. SD is 1.297. SD is more then 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is -0.59 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is -0.89 which is within the threshold range (± 1). The negative value of skewness suggest that the curve is a left skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the right hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).The negative value of kurtosis suggests that the curve is slightly shorter than the normal curve.
The values for kurtosis and the skewness are within threshold range (± 1) so we conclude that mean is the representative of the data for the variable, ‘‘Mutual respect between atheists and Believers can solve most of the differences..
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V10: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable ‘Branding is a very important aspect in Pharmaceutical promotion’.
Mean is 2.460. SD is 0.788. SD is less then 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is 0.53 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is 1.22 which is beyond the threshold range (± 1). The negative value of skewness suggest that the curve is a right skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the left hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).The positive value of kurtosis suggests that mean is representative of the data.
Based on the kurtosis and the skewness values we conclude that mean is slightly beyond the threshold value and the mean should be interpreted carefully for the variable ‘Branding is a very important aspect in Pharmaceutical promotion’.
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V11: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable.
‘Number of atheists are increasing because people are put off it as they are forced to believe in God.’
Mean is 2.74. SD is 1.157. SD is more then 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is 0.29 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is -0.98 which is within the threshold range (± 1). The positive value of skewness suggest that the curve is a right skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the left hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).The negative value of kurtosis suggests that the curve is slightly shorter than the normal curve.
The values for kurtosis and the skewness are within threshold range (± 1) so we conclude that mean is the representative of the data for the variable, ‘Number of atheists are increasing because people are put off it as they are forced to believe in God.’
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V12: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable.
‘The deprived conditions most live in make them lose their belief in a supreme power.’
Mean is 2.08. SD is 0.944. SD is more then 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is 0.36 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is -0.43 which is within the threshold range (± 1). The poaitive value of skewness suggest that the curve is a right skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the left hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).The negative value of kurtosis suggest that the curve is slightly shorter than the normal curve.
The values for kurtosis and the skewness are within threshold range (± 1) so we conclude that mean is the representative of the data for the variable, ‘The deprived conditions most live in make them lose their belief in a supreme power.’
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V13: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable.
‘Science and technology has made people stop believing in God.’
Mean is 2.08. SD is 0.944. SD is more then 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is 0.90 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is 0.84 which is within the threshold range (± 1). The positive value of skewness suggest that the curve is a right skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the left hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).The value of kurtosis is positive in this case.
The values for kurtosis and the skewness are within threshold range (± 1) so we conclude that mean is the representative of the data for the variable, ‘Science and technology has made people stop believing in God.’
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V14: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable
‘The presence of a strong religious system is the only reason there are still believers in the world.’
Mean is 3.12. SD is 1.206. SD is more then 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is -0.31 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is -0.90 which is within the threshold range (± 1). The negative value of skewness suggest that the curve is a left skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the right hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).The negative value of kurtosis suggests that the curve is slightly shorter than the normal curve.
The values for kurtosis and the skewness are within threshold range (± 1) so we conclude that mean is the representative of the data for the variable, ‘The presence of a strong religious system is the only reason there are still believers in the world.’.
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V15: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable
‘People believes in god because they are scared/ashamed of not believing.’
Mean is 2.74. SD is 1.259. SD is more then 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is 0.26 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is -1.18 which is beyond the threshold range (± 1). The positive value of skewness suggest that the curve is a right skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the left hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).The negative value of kurtosis suggests that the curve is slightly shorter than the normal curve.
Based on the kurtosis and the skewness values we conclude that mean is slightly beyond the threshold value and the mean should be interpreted carefully for the variable ‘People believes in god because they are scared/ashamed of not believing.’
SUGGESTION
&
RECCOMENDATION
ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS I: Respondents agree that “If both sections have respect for the others beliefs, then it might go a long way in bridging the gap between two sections- Atheist and Believers.”
µ > 4
Level of significance α= 0.05
Respondents: Mean = 2.7587 SD = 1.2420 P value = 0.000
P Value is less than the level of significance. Also µ > 4. Thus the alternate is accepted & we conclude that Respondents agree that “If both sections have respect for the others beliefs, then it might go a long way in bridging the gap between two sections- Atheist and Believers.”
REFERENCE SECTION
Questionnaires used for study
Self-administered questionnaire
Respondent ’s Name:
Degree
Specialty
Address
Telephone:
Profession:
Personal views
o 5-strongly Agree
o 4 – Agree
o 3 – Neither Agree nor Disagree
o 2 – Disagree
o 1 - Strongly Disagree
Use √ to select your appropriate choice
Sr No Statements 1 2 3 4 5
1. People believe in god because they have less confidence on their conscience.
2. There is a need for external control in life.
3. Atheists and believers cannot coexist.
4. Religion is a sign of backwardness in the society.
5. The increased influx of atheism is a worrying sign.
6. The number of atheists in our society has increased.
7. Religion shouldn’t be forced, nor should Atheism
8. A society full of atheist with no overload to fear, will have no conscience
9. Mutual respect between atheists and Belivers can solve most of the differences.
10. Atheism is the one of the ways to achieve world peace.
11. Number of atheists are increasing because people are put off it as they are forced to believe in God.
12. The deprived conditions most live in make them lose their belief in a supreme power.
13. Science and technology has made people stop believing in God.
14. The presence of a strong religious system is the only reason there are still believers in the world.
15. People believes in god because they are scared/ashamed of not believing.
Signature: Stamp:
INTRODUCTION
In today’s materialistic world, people have started showing a change in their beliefs. Nothing is the same. The deprived conditions that people live, coupled with the wide gulf between the rich and poor bring about two changes; either they cling on to their beliefs even more tightly, or they give up their faith.
Arguably, the world’s biggest wars have been caused by religion, in short - by believing in God. Ironic as it sounds, our supreme overlords, the agents of peace themselves, have indirectly brought about so many conflicts among people.
The advantages of belief are many and are known, but the disadvantages need to be looked upon, when they are so deadly in nature. Hitler and the Jews are a prime example. Mythological fact is that Jews brought about the killing of Jesus Christ.
An example closer to home, the India Pakistan wars. Pakistan was formed thanks to the efforts of The Muslim League, a political party formed on the basis of religion.
In our own country, there are so many fights among the Hindus and Muslims
The Ayodhya case is an example.
Taking congnizance of the fact that the impact of belief is so high, it must be given importance and should be acknowledged as the most important factor in truly bringing about peace.
The reasons regarding the gulf, the trend of change in beliefs should be studied, with the help of statistics.
Middle ground must be sought, and there should be a wau for believers and atheists to coexist, lest religion vs religion is replaced by believers vs atheists.
Hence, the study is extremely significant, and it shall be carried out in detail.
PROBLEM DISCOVERY:
The concept of worship is slowly changing with the younger generation with people being more scientifically inclined.
REASONS:
1. Less confidence on their conscience
2. Need for external control
3. Old moral values
4. Advice of elders
5. Respect for the wishes of elders – elders being the leaders of the family
6. Presence of an organized religious system
7. Presence of many religious system, due to grant of government
8. Atheism is a new movement, one which isn’t widely accepted, but atheist still impose their beliefs when they don’t understand.
9. The gap widens further when believers are mocked, which will never help. Religion has always caused wars, and if the problem isn’t curbed, religion v/s religion wars will be replaced by religion v/s atheism.
10. People cling on their beliefs when they don’t understand something. Hence in the face of scientology the simple minded will cling to idol worship.
PROBLEM DEFINATION
Have the conclusive scientific facts finally being successful enough to produce a whole generation of atheist and can live in a harmony with the believers?
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES:
1. To study the number of atheist and believers in a population
2. To explore why there is a vast increase in the majority of the atheists.
3. To find out why there still are so may believers even when scientific facts suggest other wise
4. To help find a situation where the sections- atheist & believers can exist in a harmony
HYPOTHESIS
If both sections have respect for the others beliefs, then it might go a long way in bridging the gap between two sections- Atheist and Believers.
REVIEW
0F
RELATED LITERATURE
The ultimate goal of a literature review is to bring the reader up to date with the current thinking on a particular area of research, often as a precursor to carrying out further research. Literature reviews do not report any new or original findings (although they may re-interpret previous thinking). They generally outline the vital points of current knowledge, as well as some of the deeper theoretical and methodological thinking.
I have chosen the market research because it is the very first step of most economical process. Philip Kotler (1994) define the marketing research as
“function that links the consumer, customer, and public to the marketer through information-information used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; to generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions; to monitor marketing performance; and to improve understanding of the marketing process. Marketing research specifies the information required to address these issues, designs the methods for collecting information, manages and implements the data collection process, analyzes, and communicates the findings and their implications..”
Briefly it is a systematic design, collection, analysis, and reporting of data and findings relevant to a specific marketing situation facing the company, allows management to make the changes necessary for better results through adopting a proactive approach. Therefore, if a company wants to know what type of products or services would be profitable it should make a market research. Furthermore, a comprehensive research will enable the company to know about the product imperfections (if there are) and to know if it has been able to satisfy customers’ needs. It attempts to provide accurate information that reflects a true state of affairs. Due to market research the company can formulate a viable marketing plan and estimate the success of its existing plan. There are two main sources of marketing research information:
Primary marketing research is collected for the first time if the company has enough money to finance it, but in most case it is the second more accurate one. It is original and collected for a specific purpose, or to solve a specific problem. Primary research delivers more specific results than secondary research, more expensive and time consuming, which are an especially important consideration when the company is launching a new product or service. There are many ways to conduct primary research. By customizing tried-and-true approaches, focus groups, surveys, field tests, interviews or observation, you can gain information about your target market. Primary research is generally based on sampling techniques and requires statistical methodologies. The sample size could be as small as 1 percent of the market and thus the information and results gathered are highly accurate.
Secondary marketing research or desk research is generally used when a company considering, extending a business into new markets or adding new services or product lines, because it already exist in one form or another. This information is based on studies previously performed by government agencies, chambers of commerce, trade associations, and other organizations. There are number of sources available to the marketers, which are the following: Business libraries, Public records, Trade associations, Websites, National/international governments, Informal contacts and Professional institutes and organizations. That is why secondary research is relatively cheap, and can be conducted quite quickly. However, its main disadvantage is that the information gathered may be old and obsolete, therefore results of analysis may be inaccurate. Further, it is not necessary that the earlier studies were conducted with the same objectives as required in the current situation.
According to Tom Owens (2008) Stages of research are the following:
1) Define the problem, define the research objective
2) Developing the plan for collecting information
3) Implementing the plan- Collecting and analysing Data
4) Interpreting Data Reporting the Findings
Firstly, the decision problem faced by management must be defined clearly in form of questions that obtain the required information to make the decision. Secondly, the company will determine the research method - Surveys are typical, but could also include focus groups or 1-on-1 in-depth interviews. If using a survey, will it be by phone, mail, in-person, web, etc. Thirdly, the company should determine the sample size, to know how many surveys are needed to provide reliable information, track productivity and costs and resolve any obstacles that come up. Fourthly, analysing data should be done by preparing summary statistics for each question, broken out by relevant subgroups if necessary. May include coding of open end questions and advanced statistical techniques. Finally, Report the results for example create graphs, charts and text that communicate the findings. Conclusions/recommendations should be actionable regarding the defined problem. Hopefully it leads to a solution for the problem.
Methodologically, marketing research uses four types of research designs, namely:
• Quantitative marketing research is about measuring a market and quantifying that measurement with data. Furthermore, it can be also used to measure customer awareness, attitudes and behaviour in a market by taking a statistical sample of customers. Such techniques are extremely powerful when combined with techniques such segmentation analysis and mean that key audiences can be targeted and monitored over time to ensure the optimal use of the marketing budget. Most often the data required relates to market size, market share, penetration, installed base and market growth rates. This type of research is generally used to draw conclusions, uses random sampling techniques so as to infer from the sample to the population. It is convergent reasoning rather than divergent reasoning. The traditional empirical quantitative technique in market research is the survey questionnaire, administered to a stratified or random sample of a population. Finally, in market research, extensive use is made of sampling from which, through careful design and analysis, Marketers can draw information about the market.
• Qualitative marketing research means "quality” and deals with processing data as words, emotions, feelings, emotions. Conversely, and importantly, it does not mean "quantity." Qualitative research methods are used to define a problem and generate hypotheses. These methods are designed to talk to a relatively few people in the target audience of interest that is why it is not generalize to the whole population. They are however, very valuable for exploring an issue and are used by almost all researchers. They can be better than quantitative research at investigation level in order to understand what drives and motivates behaviour. Qualitative marketing research is generally used for exploratory purposes to plumb the depths and range of buyer attitudes and beliefs, project, or forecast quantity. Such as depth interviews, observational techniques:
▪ Depth interviews are the main form of qualitative research. Here an interviewer spends time in a one-on-one interview finding out about the customer's particular circumstances and their individual opinions.
▪ Group Discussions is a consumer research method. Here several costumer are arranged to have a discussion with the researcher. Group discussions are rare in business markets, unless the customers are small businesses.
• Observational techniques: The researcher observes social phenomena in their natural setting. In detail, researchers go to customers’ environments to watch and interview people in context. Directly observing people and asking questions that refer to objects and actions at the site gives researchers a rich understanding of the issues customers face. Although, observations can occur cross-sectional (observations made at one time) or longitudinally (observations occur over several time-periods). The main advantage of observational research is flexibility. The researchers can change their approach as needed. Also it measures behaviour directly, not reports of behaviour or intentions.
• Experimental techniques are used for the controlled testing of causal processes. The researcher create a quasi-artificial environment to try to control spurious factors, then manipulates at least one of the variables. It is commonly used for purchase laboratories, test markets and in social sciences such as sociology and psychology.
Researchers often use more than one research design. The company should start with secondary research to get background information, and then conduct a focus group “qualitative research design” to explore the issues. Finally, the company might do a comprehensive survey “quantitative research design” in order to devise specific recommendations for the client.
God is often conceived as the Supreme Being and principal object of faith. In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe. In deism, God is the creator (but not the sustainer) of the universe. In pantheism, God is the universe itself. Theologians have ascribed a variety of attributes to the many different conceptions. Common among these are omniscience (infinite knowledge), omnipotence (unlimited power), omnipresence (present everywhere),Omni benevolence (perfect goodness), divine simplicity, and eternal and necessary existence. Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one God or in the oneness of God.
God has also been conceived as being incorporeal (immaterial), a personal being, the source of all moral obligation, and the "greatest conceivable existent”. These attributes were supported to varying degrees by the early Jewish, Christian and Muslim theologian philosophers. Many notable philosophers and modern philosophers have developed arguments for and against the existence of God.
There is no clear consensus on the nature of God.[17] The Abrahamic conceptions of God include the monotheistic definition of God in Judaism, the Trinitarian view of Christians, and the Islamic concept of God. The dharmaic religions differ in their view of the divine: views of God in Hinduism vary by region, sect, and caste, ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic. Divinity was recognized by the historical Buddha, particularly Śakra and Brahma. However, other sentient beings, including gods, can at best only play a supportive role in one's personal path to salvation. Conceptions of God in the latter developments of the Mahayana tradition give a more prominent place to notions of the divine
Theism, deism and pantheism
Theism generally holds that God exists realistically, objectively, and independently of human thought; that God created and sustains everything; that God is omnipotent and eternal; personal and interacting with the universe through for example religious experience and the prayers of humans.[24] It holds that God is both transcendent and immanent; thus, God is simultaneously infinite and in some way present in the affairs of the world.[25] Not all theists subscribe to all the above propositions, but usually a fair number of them, c.f., family resemblance. Catholic theology holds that God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time. Most theists hold that God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent, although this belief raises questions about God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world. Some theists ascribe to God a self-conscious or purposeful limiting of omnipotence, omniscience, or benevolence. Open Theism, by contrast, asserts that, due to the nature of time, God's omniscience does not mean the deity can predict the future. "Theism" is sometimes used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods, i.e., monotheism or polytheism.[26][27]
Deism holds that God is wholly transcendent: God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it.[25] In this view, God is not anthropomorphic, and does not literally answer prayers or cause miracles to occur. Common in Deism is a belief that God has no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity. Pandeism and Panendeism, respectively, combine Deism with the Pantheistic or Panentheistic beliefs discussed below. Pantheism holds that God is the universe and the universe is God, whereas Panentheism holds that God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe; the distinctions between the two are subtle. It is also the view of the Liberal Catholic Church, Theosophy, some views of Hinduism except Vaishnavism which believes in panentheism, Sikhism, some divisions of Neopaganism andTaoism, along with many varying denominations and individuals within denominations. Kabbalah, Jewish mysticism, paints a pantheistic/panentheistic view of God — which has wide acceptance in Hasidic Judaism, particularly from their founder The Baal Shem Tov — but only as an addition to the Jewish view of a personal god, not in the original pantheistic sense that denies or limits persona to God.
Testimonial 1
Name: Suresh Chadha
Age: 45 years
Occupation: Businessman
Opinion:
I am an atheist so I can explain, for me at least. Not only do I see the lack of evidence of existence, I can give evidence of non-existence. For example, the fact there is no evidence is evidence itself. Also, my knowledge of astronomy supports my feelings towards this, it would take hours to explain all exact reasons and to teach of how, I encourage you look up if you don't know. Stars created all we are from fusion, the universe is made from the Big Bang theory. Two things are unexplainable: where matter came from, and how living organisms started. I think that people jump to the conclusion of God because it is, at this moment, unexplainable.
Testimonial 2
Name: Saniya Chawla
Age: 23 years
Occupation: Director of O&m
Opinion
Most non-believers are non-believers because they believe that the evidence most strongly supports a view that God does not exist. This has nothing to do with mocking God, in fact atheists seem to be more tolerant of Christians than many Christians are of atheists. As for me, I studied the Bible carefully, reading much of it several times, and find in it much to prove the non-existence of God. The following is not in itself proof, but I refer you to Ecclesiastes 9:5: "For the living know that they shall die; but the dead know not anything, neither have they any more a reward; for the memory of them is forgotten." If the Bible is literally true and Ecclesiastes is a legitimate book of the Bible, this should be a troubling statement for believers.
Testimonial 3
Name: Dhruv Tekwani
Age: 21 years
Occupation: student
Opinion”
A creator god doesn't exist. I'm as certain of that as I'm as certain that any unfalsifiable concepts (like unicorns, elves, Santa, other gods, and centaurs) do not exist. Just because it cannot be disproven that a creator god exists (which is a logical fallacy of proving a negative), doesn't mean that God exists by default. It's the same way with unicorns. Just because I can't prove they don't exist doesn't mean they do. And it's not because atheists "don't want" God to exist, it isn't an ego thing, and it isn't a "hoped-for" thing. It's an empirical thing. It's accepting reality and refusing to substitute the hoped-for for the actual. Faith is willful ignorance. That's all it is. It's belief without evidence, even without reason. People don't believe in a god because there is none. It's like being in philosophy class and you're asked to write a 5-page proof on "Prove that chair doesn't exist." Peers are going on and on for 5 pages, when really, the only answer is "What chair?"
ANALYSIS OF
DATA
OUESTIONS
N
MEAN
STD DEVIATION
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
SKEWNESS
KURTOSIS
STATISTICS STATISTICS STATISTICS STATISTICS STATISTICS STATISTICS STATISTICS
1. People believe in god because they have less confidence on their conscience. 50 2.600 1.325 1.000 3.000 0.46 -0.90
2. There is a need for external control in life. 50 1.940 0.867 1.000 4.000 0.71 -0.03
3. Atheist and believer cannot coexist. 50 2.620 0.987 1.000 5.000 0.45 -0.10
4. Religion is a sign of backwardness in the society 50 1.940 0.890 1.000 5.000 1.21 2.09
5. The increased influx of atheism is a worrying sign 50 2.620 0.945 1.000 5.000 0.39 0.27
6. The number of atheist in the society have increased 50 3.680 1.285 1.000 5.000 -0.81 -0.31
7. Religion shouldn’t be forced, nor should Atheism 50 4.040 1.049 1.000 5.000 -1.19 1.22
8. A society full of atheist with no overload to fear, will have no conscience.
50
2.740 1.259 1.000 5.000 0.32 -1.01
9. Mutual respect between atheists and Believers can solve most of the differences. 50 3.540 1.297 1.000 5.000 -0.59 -0.89
10. Atheism is one of the ways to achieve world peace 50 2.460 0.788 1.000 5.000 0.53 1.22
11. Number of atheists are increasing because people put it off as they are forced to believe in god 50 2.740 1.157 1.000 5.000 0.29 -0.98
12. The deprived condition most live in make them lose their belief in a supreme power 50 2.520 1.074 1.000 5.000
0.36 -0.43
13. Science and technology has made people stop believing in god 50 2.080 0.944 1.000 5.000 0.90 0.84
14. The presence of a strong religious system is the only reason there are still believers in the world.
50 3.120 1.206 1.000 5.000 -0.31 -0.90
15. People believes in god because they are scared/ ashamed of not believing 50 2.740 1.259 1.000 5.000 0.26 -1.18
HISTOGRAM
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V1: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable.
‘People believe in god because they have less confidence on their conscience’
Mean is 2.60. SD is 1.325. SD is morethan 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is 0.46 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is -0.90 which is within the threshold range (± 1). The value of skewness is positive in this case. The negative value of kurtosis suggests that the curve is slightly shorter than the normal curve.
The values for kurtosis and the skewness are within threshold range (± 1) so we conclude that mean is the representative of the data for the variable, ‘People believe in god because they have less confidence on their conscience’
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V2: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable ‘There is a need for external control in life’.
Mean is 1.94. SD is 0.867. SD is more than 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is 0.71 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is -0.10 which is within the threshold range (± 1). The Positive value of skewness suggest that the curve is a right skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the left hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree). The negative value of kurtosis suggests that the curve is slightly shorter than the normal curve.
The values for kurtosis and the skewness are within threshold range (± 1) so we conclude that mean is the representative of the data for the variable, ‘Branding is a very important aspect in Pharmaceutical promotion’.
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V3: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable ‘Atheists and believers cannot coexist’.
Mean is 2.620 SD is 0.987. SD is more than 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is 0.45 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is -0.10 which is within the threshold range (± 1). The positive value of skewness suggest that the curve is a right skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the left hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).The negative value of kurtosis suggests that the curve is slightly shorter than the normal curve.
The values for kurtosis and the skewness are within threshold range (± 1) so we conclude that mean is the representative of the data for the variable, ‘Atheists and believers cannot coexist’.
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V4: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable ‘Religion is a sign of backwardness in the society’
Mean is 1.94. SD is 0.890. SD is more then 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is 1.21 which is beyond the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is 2.09 which is beyond the threshold range (± 1). The positive value of skewnes ssuggest that the curve is a right skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the left hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree). The value of kurtosis is suggests that the mean is the representative of the data.
Based on the kurtosis and the skewness values we conclude that mean is slightly beyond the threshold value and the mean should be interpreted carefully for the variable ‘Religion is a sign of backwardness in the society’
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V5: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable,
’The increased influx of atheism is a worrying sign..’
Mean is 2.62. SD is 0.945. SD is more then 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is 0.39 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is 0.27 which is within the threshold range (± 1). The positive value of skewness suggest that the curve is a right skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the left hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).The value of kurtosis is positive in this case.
The values for kurtosis and the skewness are within threshold range (± 1) so we conclude that mean is the representative of the data for the variable, ‘The increased influx of atheism is a worrying sign..’
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V6: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable.‘
The number of atheists in our society has increased.’
Mean is 3.68. SD is 1.285. SD is more then 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is -0.81 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is -0.31 which is within the threshold range (± 1). The negative value of skewness suggest that the curve is a left skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the right hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).The negative value of kurtosis suggests that the curve is slightly shorter than the normal curve.
The values for kurtosis and the skewness are within threshold range (± 1) so we conclude that mean is the representative of the data for the variable, ‘The number of atheists in our society has increased’
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V7: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable ‘Religion shouldn’t be forced, nor should Atheism ‘
Mean is 4.040. SD is 1.049. SD is less then 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is -1.19 which is beyond the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is 1.22 which is beyond the threshold range (± 1). The negative value of skewness suggest that the curve is a left skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the right hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree). The positive value of kurtosis suggests that the mean is the representative of the data.
Based on the kurtosis and the skewness values we conclude that mean is slightly beyond the threshold value and the mean should be interpreted carefully for the variable ‘Religion shouldn’t be forced, nor should Atheism ‘.
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V8: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable
‘A society full of atheist with no overload to fear, will have no conscience ‘
Mean is 2.74. SD is 1.259. SD is more then 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is 0.32 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is -1.01 which is beyond the threshold range (± 1). The positive value of skewness suggest that the curve is a right skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the left hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).The negative value of kurtosis suggests that the curve is slightly shorter than the normal curve.
Based on the kurtosis and the skewness values we conclude that mean is slightly beyond the threshold value and the mean should be interpreted carefully for the variable‘A society full of atheist with no overload to fear, will have no conscience ‘
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V9: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable
‘Mutual respect between atheists and Believers can solve most of the differences..
Mean is 3.54. SD is 1.297. SD is more then 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is -0.59 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is -0.89 which is within the threshold range (± 1). The negative value of skewness suggest that the curve is a left skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the right hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).The negative value of kurtosis suggests that the curve is slightly shorter than the normal curve.
The values for kurtosis and the skewness are within threshold range (± 1) so we conclude that mean is the representative of the data for the variable, ‘‘Mutual respect between atheists and Believers can solve most of the differences..
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V10: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable ‘Branding is a very important aspect in Pharmaceutical promotion’.
Mean is 2.460. SD is 0.788. SD is less then 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is 0.53 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is 1.22 which is beyond the threshold range (± 1). The negative value of skewness suggest that the curve is a right skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the left hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).The positive value of kurtosis suggests that mean is representative of the data.
Based on the kurtosis and the skewness values we conclude that mean is slightly beyond the threshold value and the mean should be interpreted carefully for the variable ‘Branding is a very important aspect in Pharmaceutical promotion’.
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V11: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable.
‘Number of atheists are increasing because people are put off it as they are forced to believe in God.’
Mean is 2.74. SD is 1.157. SD is more then 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is 0.29 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is -0.98 which is within the threshold range (± 1). The positive value of skewness suggest that the curve is a right skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the left hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).The negative value of kurtosis suggests that the curve is slightly shorter than the normal curve.
The values for kurtosis and the skewness are within threshold range (± 1) so we conclude that mean is the representative of the data for the variable, ‘Number of atheists are increasing because people are put off it as they are forced to believe in God.’
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V12: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable.
‘The deprived conditions most live in make them lose their belief in a supreme power.’
Mean is 2.08. SD is 0.944. SD is more then 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is 0.36 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is -0.43 which is within the threshold range (± 1). The poaitive value of skewness suggest that the curve is a right skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the left hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).The negative value of kurtosis suggest that the curve is slightly shorter than the normal curve.
The values for kurtosis and the skewness are within threshold range (± 1) so we conclude that mean is the representative of the data for the variable, ‘The deprived conditions most live in make them lose their belief in a supreme power.’
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V13: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable.
‘Science and technology has made people stop believing in God.’
Mean is 2.08. SD is 0.944. SD is more then 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is 0.90 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is 0.84 which is within the threshold range (± 1). The positive value of skewness suggest that the curve is a right skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the left hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).The value of kurtosis is positive in this case.
The values for kurtosis and the skewness are within threshold range (± 1) so we conclude that mean is the representative of the data for the variable, ‘Science and technology has made people stop believing in God.’
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V14: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable
‘The presence of a strong religious system is the only reason there are still believers in the world.’
Mean is 3.12. SD is 1.206. SD is more then 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is -0.31 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is -0.90 which is within the threshold range (± 1). The negative value of skewness suggest that the curve is a left skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the right hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).The negative value of kurtosis suggests that the curve is slightly shorter than the normal curve.
The values for kurtosis and the skewness are within threshold range (± 1) so we conclude that mean is the representative of the data for the variable, ‘The presence of a strong religious system is the only reason there are still believers in the world.’.
The total numbers of observations are 50. Minimum value is 1 and maximum value 5.
V15: Interpretation: The SPSS output label show “Descriptive statistics” for the variable
‘People believes in god because they are scared/ashamed of not believing.’
Mean is 2.74. SD is 1.259. SD is more then 1/3 of the mean. Skewness is 0.26 which is within the threshold range (± 1). Kurtosis is -1.18 which is beyond the threshold range (± 1). The positive value of skewness suggest that the curve is a right skewed curve, which means that most of the data is piled up on the left hand of the scale (5 point scale, 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).The negative value of kurtosis suggests that the curve is slightly shorter than the normal curve.
Based on the kurtosis and the skewness values we conclude that mean is slightly beyond the threshold value and the mean should be interpreted carefully for the variable ‘People believes in god because they are scared/ashamed of not believing.’
SUGGESTION
&
RECCOMENDATION
ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS I: Respondents agree that “If both sections have respect for the others beliefs, then it might go a long way in bridging the gap between two sections- Atheist and Believers.”
µ > 4
Level of significance α= 0.05
Respondents: Mean = 2.7587 SD = 1.2420 P value = 0.000
P Value is less than the level of significance. Also µ > 4. Thus the alternate is accepted & we conclude that Respondents agree that “If both sections have respect for the others beliefs, then it might go a long way in bridging the gap between two sections- Atheist and Believers.”
REFERENCE SECTION
Questionnaires used for study
Self-administered questionnaire
Respondent ’s Name:
Degree
Specialty
Address
Telephone:
Profession:
Personal views
o 5-strongly Agree
o 4 – Agree
o 3 – Neither Agree nor Disagree
o 2 – Disagree
o 1 - Strongly Disagree
Use √ to select your appropriate choice
Sr No Statements 1 2 3 4 5
1. People believe in god because they have less confidence on their conscience.
2. There is a need for external control in life.
3. Atheists and believers cannot coexist.
4. Religion is a sign of backwardness in the society.
5. The increased influx of atheism is a worrying sign.
6. The number of atheists in our society has increased.
7. Religion shouldn’t be forced, nor should Atheism
8. A society full of atheist with no overload to fear, will have no conscience
9. Mutual respect between atheists and Belivers can solve most of the differences.
10. Atheism is the one of the ways to achieve world peace.
11. Number of atheists are increasing because people are put off it as they are forced to believe in God.
12. The deprived conditions most live in make them lose their belief in a supreme power.
13. Science and technology has made people stop believing in God.
14. The presence of a strong religious system is the only reason there are still believers in the world.
15. People believes in god because they are scared/ashamed of not believing.
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